How Accurate Is It to Say That the Black Power Movements Essay Example for Free

How Accurate Is It to Say That the Black Power Movements Essay In some ways I agree that the Black power Movements of the 1960’s achieved nothing for the Black people because by 1968 little had changed, and it is therefore easy to claim that Black Power movements achieved nothing, and in fact had a negative impact on black Americans. However in some ways I disagree because the Black Power movements in the early 1960s coincided with the peak of success for the Civil Rights campaign such as the freedom cities of 1966 or the Free D. C. movement. Firstly I agree that the Black Power Movements achieved nothing for Black people relations between King and other Civil Rights groups were never entirely secure, and he was often accused of taking credit for the efforts of others, for example in the student sit-ins of 1961. He was criticised for a cynical use of children in the Birmingham campaign of 1963 and for cowardice in halting the first Selma March. These attacks reflect internal rivalries that had nothing to do with Black Power. They increased after 1966 when he moved his focus to the north. The Chicago campaign of 1966 was a dismal failure and also revealed a cultural gap between the respectable bible-belt leaders of the south and the ghetto-based youth of the north, who found Malcolm X a more inspiring figure. The whole situation was made much worse by the war in Vietnam, which diverted money and media attention and created a widening gap between black and white communities. Many black people resented having to fight for a country that valued them so little, while white public opinion saw the refusal of some to serve, like Mohammed Ali, as unpatriotic. The most important point, however, is that once legal equality had been achieved in 1965 and the focus shifted to the social and economic effects of long-term discrimination, King’s methods were ineffective. Secondly the Chicago campaign. The Albany movement Thirdly the Memphis Sanitation workers strike. The Mississippi Freedom Summer On the other hand the Freedom cities were aimed to bring ‘home rule’ to the black community of Washington D. C. The project was started with the demonstration against the way the local schools were administered. Towards the end of 1966 the black citizens of Washington D. C. had won the right to elect their own school boards. SNCC gained $3 million worth of government funding to improve community policing. SNCC innovated similar projects for example in New York the campaign saw black people take control of the intermediate School in Harlem as well as in Mississippi set up a Child Development Group in which the group raised $1. 5 million from the churches and the federal government in order to set up 85 head start centres to support young children . Furthermore the March on Washington was a massive success groups such as the SCLC. SNCC, CORE and the NAACP were involved it was also to commemorate the 100 years since the Emancipation Proclamation was created the campaigned was initially designed to pass a Civil Rights Bill. 250,000 people marched to the Lincoln memorial to hear Kings famous ‘I have a dream speech’ as well as other figures of the Civil Rights Movement. The March drew a vast amount of media attention. The March ensured support for new civil rights legislation which gave the government power to desegregate southern states. It presented the civil rights movement as a united front. Additionally the Birmingham campaign aimed to desegregate the city’s largest shopping areas schools and public parks as well as demanding an end to racial discrimination in employment. ‘Bull’Connor obtained a court injunction against demonstrations in certain precincts to weaken protests. The 3rd of May the police demonstrators with high pressure fire hoses and arrested and imprisoned 1300 children which caused a media frenzy Kennedy was sickened by the images of police violence from Birmingham. The significance of the campaign was that the department stores were desegregated and the racial discrimination was ended. The Greensboro sit-ins were a success it aimed to desegregate public places such as restaurants or swimming pools. In February 1960 the sit-in escalated to 300 students by the fourth protest it became highly influential as there were similar protests like watch-ins in cinema which by the start of 1961 over 70,000 people black and white had taken part in demonstrations. The significance of the sit-ins brought a mass of media attention which increased the support towards the civil rights campaigns. By the end of 1961 810 towns had desegregated their public places. Woolworths lost decreased by a third during the campaign which showed the economic power of black people. Finally the Freedom rides designed to turn de jure victories of Morgan v. Virginia and Boynton v. Virginia into de facto desegregation of interstate transport and interstate transport facilities set up by SNCC and CORE. The significance of the freedom rides was that it showed that Kennedy supported the civil rights movement and that it marked a new high cooperation within the civil rights movements. The Poor Peoples Campaign aimed to create a coalition big enough to solve the social and economic problems identified during the Chicago campaign In conclusion the Black Power declined very quickly in the late 1960s because its organisation was very poor and it had little money to support itself. It also declined because the government preferred King’s the peaceful methods to the violence and hatred of Black Power. Thus it seemed as if Black Power had not achieved anything of real importance for black people, and was a factor in the ending of the civil rights movement as a whole. However, it can be said that Black Power did manage to achieve something for black people as a whole. Black Power leaders did try to help the people in the inner-city ghettos, and they did increase black pride and a sense of Black Nationalism. Malcolm X in particular was very important in raising the morale of many black people, and became a hero to young black people in the USA and around the world. The emergence of the Black Power movements in the early 1960s coincided with the peak of success for the Civil Rights campaign the legislation of 1964-65. Thereafter, the focus of campaigns had to move the practical issues related to social and economic deprivation, and the ability to exercise the rights that had been gained. By 1968 little had changed, and it is therefore easy to claim that Black Power movements achieved nothing, and in fact had a negative impact on black Americans. It is hard to deny that the Black Power movements had a damaging impact in the 1960s. The preaching of Elijah Mohammed and later Malcolm X that integration was impossible and undesirable, that white people were devils and Christianity just a legacy of slavery, created a mirror of white racism that could only be divisive. They rejected the support of white liberals and divided white from black. They subjected integrationist leaders like Martin Luther King to campaigns of personal abuse, calling him a hypocrite, a coward and an Uncle Tom. They even indulged in vicious internal feuding, such as the assassination of Malcolm X by members of the Nation of Islam in 1965. Incidents of violence, such as attacks on white people, the race riots of Harlem in 1964 and Watts in 1965, damaged the black community and created a white backlash. This threatened the promised government expenditure on housing, schools and job creation under the Great Society. As casualties from Vietnam increased, they campaigned against the draft and argued that black youths should not serve, infuriating an increasingly patriotic public and media. The existing Civil Rights movement disintegrated, as the student organisations led by SNCC under Stokely Carmichael adopted Black Power symbols and slogans, and refused to co-operate with Martin Luther King’s SCLC. The government and many white Americans saw the black communities as ungrateful, and King as a spent force. The links that had helped him to gain reforms and investment disappeared, and nothing of significance was achieved for black Americans after 1966. The emergence of Black Power was totally negative. 24. In many ways, however, this argument is over-simplified. The problems faced by the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s had begun to surface before the Black Power movements developed, and could be said to have contributed to their growth. Relations between King and other Civil Rights groups were never entirely secure, and he was often accused of taking credit for the efforts of others, for example in the student sit-ins of 1961. He was criticised for a cynical use of children in the Birmingham campaign of 1963 and for cowardice in halting the first Selma March. These attacks reflect internal rivalries that had nothing to do with Black Power. They increased after 1966 when he moved his focus to the north. The Chicago campaign of 1966 was a dismal failure and also revealed a cultural gap between the respectable bible-belt leaders of the south and the ghetto-based youth of the north, who found Malcolm X a more inspiring figure. The whole situation was made much worse by the war in Vietnam, which diverted money and media attention and created a widening gap between black and white communities. Many black people resented having to fight for a country that valued them so little, while white public opinion saw the refusal of some to serve, like Mohammed Ali, as unpatriotic. The most important point, however, is that once legal equality had been achieved in 1965 and the focus shifted to the social and economic effects of long-term discrimination, King’s methods were ineffective. This means that by 1966, methods of campaigning to improve conditions for black people had to change, and the Black Power movements did offer some alternatives. When the Black Panthers set up community projects and policed the housing estates of Chicago, they offered a more direct and practical form of help. More generally, Black Power offered black people a sense of their own culture and pride in their identity. The late 1960s saw changes in music, fashion and style that celebrated black identity rather than attempting to look like whites, such as the Afro hairstyles, the growth of a new soul music and the later development of hip-hop and rap. The use of Black Power salutes by American athletes offended many whites, but it drew the attention of the world to the continuing levels of discrimination suffered by many black Americans. It is difficult to measure the results, but it can be argued that by helping to maintain attention on the problems and demanding change, the Black Power movements helped the black communities to keep fighting for better conditions. By comparison with the gains made through ‘peaceful’ protest, the impact of Black Power was mixed and its achievements limited, but to claim that it achieved nothing for black people is an exaggeration.

Hamlet - Movie Critique :: essays research papers

The movie of Hamlet was an excellent, as far as book-movies go. I believe it was produced with focus, reason, and logic. The characters were also portrayed with a good interpretation. There were several changes to the play compared to the book, although the movie was done in such a way that they were not particularly missed, from the movie's point of view. Although, from my point of view, after reading the book, there were several somewhat important scenes and elements missing. The first scene in particular was missed. This played a part in setting the stage and was part of the whole theme throughout the whole play. It was in this scene that the ghost of Hamlet Sr. was first seen and where much of the plot developed. Hamlet Sr. told Hamlet Jr. that he had been killed by Claudius and that he must have revenge, Hamlet Jr. being the person to avenge him. In the book, this carried on throughout the rest of the play and without it the plot was not as concrete from the beginning. The dumb-play and play for the king and court was compressed. In the movie, it consisted of primarily just a dumb-show and then the king got mad. It should have included that first and still had a whole play, in which special lines inserted by Hamlet Jr. were to be read. This did not have a dramatic affect on the way the plot was presented in the movie, but was just noticeable. As far as the casting and setting is concerned, I believe that the director did an excellent job. Obviously, this coming from Hollywood kind of gives it advantages to all previous presentations. Mel Gibson was a great choice for Hamlet, because he is good actor and played his part wonderfully.

The Spearheading Commitments of Goldsmith

The spearheading commitments of Goldsmith (1969), Mckinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973) in regards to the connection between budgetary improvement and monetary development has remained a vital issue of level headed discussion in creating economies. The hypothetical contention for connecting money related advancement to development is that an all around created money related framework plays out a few basic capacities to upgrade the effectiveness of intermediation by diminishing data, exchange, and observing costs. An advanced money related framework advances speculation by recognizing and financing great business openings, activates reserve funds, screens the execution of administrators, empowers the exchanging, supporting, and expansion of hazard, and encourages the trade of merchandise and ventures. These capacities result in a more effective distribution of assets, in a more fast collection of physical and human capital, and in quicker mechanical advance, which thus bolster financial development [Creane, et al. (2004)]. The vast majority of the writing has fundamentally centered around the part of macroeconomic steadiness, disparity, pay and riches, institutional advancement, ethnic and religious decent variety and money related market imperfections.1 Among these components the part of budgetary markets in the development procedure has gotten significant consideration. In this system, money related advancement is considered by numerous financial analysts to be of central significance for yield development. Especially, government confinements on the saving money framework, for example, loan fee roof, high hold necessities and coordinated credit programs block money related improvement and diminish yield development [Mckinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973)]. The early commitments because of Mckinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973) hypothesize that the administration mediation in the valuing and distribution of loanable assets obstructs budgetary restraint chiefly discouraging genuine financing costs. Governments are looked with just restricted alternatives, for example, inflationary financing, in this manner much further crumbling the genuine financing cost. Mckinnon underlines that the request what's more, fitting sequencing of budgetary changes in the money related area would be much more compelling once value adjustment has occurred. Truth be told, budgetary improvement is not desolate a component of changing money related instruments but rather â€Å"predictable macroeconomic strategy bundle involving a scope of strategies, including brief money related market supervision keeping in mind the end goal to screen credit value of borrowers and to maintain a strategic distance from bends, for example, moral perils and unfavorable selection†.2 The endogenous development writing stresses the impact of budgetary markets on financial growth.3 Benhabib and Spiegel (2000) contend that a positive relationship is normal between monetary advancement and aggregate factor efficiency development and speculation. In any case, their outcomes are exceptionally touchy to display particular. Moreover, Beck, et al. (2000) locate that money related advancement has a huge and positive effect on add up to factor profitability, which bolsters through to in general Gross domestic product development [Neusser and Kugler (1998)]. Various scholars have underscored the part of budgetary improvement in better distinguishing venture openings, lessening interest in fluid however inefficient resources, activating investment funds, boosting mechanical advancement, and enhancing hazard taking. The issue with the past investigations is that a positive connection between budgetary advancement and yield development can exist for various reasons. As yield builds the interest for money related administrations increments as well, this thusly has a beneficial outcome on money related advancement. Robinson (1952) contends that â€Å"all things considered, it is by all accounts the case that where undertaking drives back streams†. Kuznets (1955) states that monetary advertise starts to develop as the economy approaches the middle phase of the development process and grow once the economy ends up develop. Lucas (1988) states that â€Å"the significance of budgetary issues is severely overemphasized† while Chandav arkar (1992) noticed that â€Å"none of the pioneers of improvement financial aspects†¦ Even rundown fund as a factor of advancement† [Luintel and Khan (1999)]. Consequently the interest for the specific kinds of monetary administrations produced by monetary development.Many observational examinations have researched the connection between budgetary profundity, characterized as proportion of aggregate bank store liabilities to ostensible GDP and monetary development. In any case, the outcomes are equivocal. The examinations in view of the cross segment and board information discover beneficial outcomes of money related advancement on yield development a great many representing different determinants of development and in addition for potential inclinations initiated by synchronization, overlooked factors and imperceptibly nation particular impact on the back development nexus.5 On the other hand, the investigations in view of the time arrangement information give opposing outcomes. Demetriades and Hussein (1996) discover the confirmation that back is a main factor during the time spent monetary development. They additionally found that for most of the nations, causality is bi-directional, while at times money related improvement takes after monetary development. Luintel and Khan (1999) utilized a test of ten less created nations and inferred that the causality between money related improvement and yield development is bi-directional for all nations. At long last, contemplates, which take a gander at the structure and wellsprings of organization back, likewise finish up that the advancement of the money related area encourages the development of corporate division [Rajan and Zingalas (1996)]. Every one of these outcomes demonstrate that an agreement on the part of budgetary improvement during the time spent financial development does not exist up until this point. The part of money related factor in financial improvement of Pakistan isn't well inquired about. This investigation is an endeavor to fill this hole. The target of the present contemplate is to look at the connection between budgetary advancement and monetary development in Pakistan for the period 1971-2004. We additionally look at the auxiliary solidness of the back development relationship within the sight of monetary segment reforms?which were indispensable piece of the advancement procedure of the economy started in mid 1990. The significant segments of the money related part changes identified with the deregulation of the business bank's loaning rates, bringing down of their save prerequisites and the presentation of prudential controls and gauges extensively alongside the lines suggested by the Basle Committee on Banking Supervisions.6 Whatever is left of the paper is sorted out as takes after. Segment II outline the monetary part changes in Pakistan. Demonstrate determination and information issues are exhibited in Segment III. Econometric strategy and observational discoveries are given in Section IV, while some closing comments are given in the last segment.

Iagos charachter in Shakespeares Othello Essay - 496 Words

Essay on Iago The world is full of bad people who get pleasure from hurting others physically and emotionally. They feel the need to use and belittle other people because of their insecurities. In Shakespeare’s Othello, the villain, Iago, is a perfect example. He manifests his goal right from the beginning. Iago is an angry person with no conscience that constantly feels the need to take down everyone around him to get what he wants, revenge. Throughout Act 1, we realize that Iago wants revenge, to be powerful and recognized by society, and loves to manipulate others. Iago wants to get back at Othello for choosing Cassio as his lieutenant. He is irritated by the fact that Othello did not trust him enough to name him lieutenant. Iago†¦show more content†¦Iago is a very jealous, envious and selfish person who aggravates other people’s lives. Iago is jealous of Cassio because he is the one that was promoted to lieutenant. He believes he is a better soldier than Cassio who is, â€Å"Forsooth, a great arithmetician† (Act 1 sc.1, 20). From Iago’s point of view, Cassio shouldn’t even be in the army. He is just making excuses to give him more reasons to get back at Othello. Iago is envious of Othello because he is married to a beautiful woman, Desdemona. Also, Iago believes Othello slept with his wife, which makes him even more envious. â€Å"For that I do suspect the Moor hath leaped into my seat† (Act 2 sc.1, 317-318). Iago is very selfish because he doesn’t care about the consequences of his actions. He just wants to get what he wants and he will do whatever it takes to achieve that goal. Iago’s persona is seen very differently depending how far your are in the book. The way Iago first talks about how Othello did not choose him as his lieutenant, and the rumor about Othello sleeping with his wife makes the audience feels sympathy for him. â€Å"I know my price, I am worth no worse a place† (Act1 sc.1, 12). However, as we go on in the book, we realize how big of a villain Iago really is. He plans to take over Othello while taking advantage of Roderigo. In conclusion, we realize that Iago’s true

Ameritech Case Study - 1162 Words

AMERITECH IN THE PHILIPPINES: FAILURE TO ADJUST TO FILIPINO CULTURAL NORMS? Synthesis: AmeriTech is an American company which decided to outsource their manufacturing division to the Philippines in order to reduce labor cost and restore of their competitive edge due to their rival companies outsourcing from other Asian countries as well. Bill Dawson was assigned as the plant manager and a Filipino DLSU MBA Graduate was hired to be his assistant. The purpose of his assistant was to bridge the gap of culture. However, the assistant is a Manileno while the workforce is Cebuanos; this resulted in another sub-culture gap. Productivity of the plant was decreasing over time and Bill’s decisions are antagonistic in the point of view of the†¦show more content†¦In addition, the application of the theory to the case would motivate and encourage the workers to participate in the decision making and cooperate in solving the company’s problem. It focuses on group efficacy which would generally apply to AmeriTech’s female employees. It also highlights O rganizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) wherein the person would be motivated to not only focus on his work but also to help his colleagues to the benefit of the company. Employees of AmeriTech need to be encouraged to collaboratively aim for their purpose of reaching their productivity goal. However, the application of this theory also acknowledges that there are other goals that are needed to be set such as â€Å"nonfinancial elements† of the company. With this, Balanced Scorecard can also be used as a tool in measuring the financial goals as well as the nonfinancial goals that are important to the company. III. Value Chain framework Also the Value Chain framework for productivity can be applied by AmeriTech in the sense that they have to effectively convert their inputs into viable outputs. Alternative Courses of Action: A. Create an action plan with the following steps: 1. Understand and embrace the local culture 2. Implement a motivational incentive scheme 3. With the newly motivated employees, improve the productivity of the plant PROS: 1. Workers will become adjusted to their boss 2. Motivated employees tend to be moreShow MoreRelatedManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 DataRead MoreCell Phones Have Changed The Atmosphere Of Our Workplace1753 Words   |  8 Pagesoperations in Chicago. 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The Career Of Clinical Medicine - 849 Words

As a candidate who previously had worked in the department of Internal Medicine for several years as clinician, resident, and research scholar, I know that residency training requires absolute commitment to excel in every tier to become an excellent physician and take responsibility to reach out to others in need. A career in clinical medicine has always been my inspiration; however, I chose to avail myself from basic science and translational researches before completing internal medicine residency training in the hope of gaining experience that would make me all rounded, and, ultimately, a better physician. As an aspiring academic scholar, and as I prepare for my journey towards this goal, I followed a stimulating intellectual path that promotes lifelong learning and what I hope will prove to be a long and rewarding feat. I have always possessed a strong interest in understanding the intricacies of biology, which had influenced one of the most important decisions of my life; joining medical school. As much as it was an enjoyable day-to-day learning process, during the clinical years, I particularly relish my internal medicine rotation experience that involved intricate thought processes in understanding complex diseases, diagnostic approaches, and patient management. That experience certainly kindled my interest in internal medicine; the more I learned, the more I wanted to join the department. As a junior faculty member, my experience had been both gratifying andShow MoreRelatedThe Career Of Clinical Medicine868 Words   |  4 PagesAs a candidate who previously had worked in the Department of Internal Medicine for several years as clinician, resident, and research scholar, I am committed to embrace the rigorous challenges and to excel in every tier to become an excellent physician. 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Case study on Samson and delillah free essay sample

The following case study is an exploration of the Australian film Samson and Delilah which features the impact that the volatile substance abuse [VSA] of petrol sniffing has on one of the characters in the film, Samson. I have chosen him to be the basis for my client and case-study and will begin by giving a description of the character, his family life and the social context to start this case-study. I will then provide an assessment and case formulation as well as Samson’s psychosocial needs and his volatile substance abuse of petrol sniffing. The substance abuse counselling model that I would draw on is explained, as well as the usefulness for Samson in the situation that he is in. I have explained the way in which I would work with Samson and also analysed research that is relevant to Samson’s dependence on sniffing petrol and discussed any likely outcomes. In concluding this case-study I have listed any challenges that I feel he would face and identified any ethical issues that may arise. Background Information Samson is a 14 year old Indigenous Australian male who lives in a remote Aboriginal Community in the central Australian desert. Samson lives with his brothers who hang out in their run down shack, playing music from the moment that they wake up until the moment that they go to sleep. When Samson wakes up in the morning the first thing that he reaches for is his canister of petrol and starts sniffing the fumes that enable him to get high. Samson doesn’t go to school or have any direction in life, he seems to be very bored and spends his days hanging around the community, doing nothing but getting high on petrol fumes. Samson runs away from the community with his girlfriend Delilah after Samson has a violent fight with his brother and Delilah is attacked by the older women after her beloved grandmother dies. They go to the city where they camp out under a bridge, they have no money and in order to eat, and have to rely on a homeless man that they meet to feed them or steal food from the local supermarket. Delilah is kidnapped as they are both walking along which Samson is oblivious too as he is so high on petrol fumes. His girlfriend is raped and bashed by the abductors, but when she returns back to the camp Samson is unconscious on the ground, passed out from sniffing petrol. Delilah starts sniffing petrol as well and is hit by a car as they are walking along the road, which Samson is once more oblivious too, as they are both high on petrol fumes. Delilah recovers in hospital, comes back and takes Samson to a remote property where she intends on helping him to dry out, but finds him sniffing petrol again. Assessment of Samson Samson has been heavily abusing this volatile substance to the point where he is physiologically dependent on sniffing petrol . Behave Net(2013) explain that substance dependence can be diagnosed when an individual continues to use the drug, even though there are problems associated with the use of the volatile substance. Samson has built up a tolerance to the petrol and seems to need increased amounts of this substance in order to attain the desired level of intoxication. Rassool (2009) confirms this, stating that when a body adjusts to the habitual use of a drug, tolerance occurs as higher doses of the substance are needed to â€Å"reproduce the desired or similar cognitive, affective or behavioural effects† (p. 9). Petrol sniffing is a form of volatile solvent abuse [VSA] that is more common in disadvantaged or isolated communities which reflects the history of cultural oppression, poor health, unemployment, recreational opportunity and geographical isolation of remote Indigenous Australians( Dingwall, Lewis,Maruff Cairney 2010). Research has shown that 14 to 17 year old Indigenous Australian males are more habitual in the use of VSA by using more frequently and longer than non- Indigenous users (Australian Government Department of Health and Aging Publications, 2004). High risk behaviours are associated with VSA due to the individual feeling a sense of being invulnerable, which can cause accidents, injury and death (Cairney Dingwall, 2010). VSA can also cause the individual to have violent outbursts towards other individuals as well as showing signs of slurred speech, confusion and stupor which can lead to seizures, brain injury and death (Australian Government Department of Health and Aging Publications, 2004). Samson is showing all the signs of chronic use of VSA in relation to his oblivion of all of the trauma that has resulted from his dependence on petrol. I feel that Samson is bored because of the lack of recreational activities as well as schooling, there also does not appear to be any cultural programs in place to guide him in helping him with a sense of identity, or any real family support including the sharing of the cultural knowledge of elders. Intervention Plan Although there are screening tools such as The Indigenous Risk Impact Screen and Brief Intervention Tool Kit (Amity Community Services, n. d), I feel that the best approach in helping Samson and his dependence on VSA, is to consult with community elders as he is not only a minor, but there are also a lot of cultural barriers that would make it very difficult to counsell him unless the person were specially trained. It would be especially difficult as Samson speaks his traditional language and very little English. Cairney and Dingwall (2010) find that it is hard for the problem of VSA to be managed and the impact of it to be understood by Indigenous communities as well as health and government services because of the severe cultural differences that occur between these groups. Aboriginal people have a kinship structure where immediate and extended family are seen as part of the group and within Indigenous communities their health is seen as a collective of the emotional, social and cultural wellbeing of the community (Pattel, 2007). I have personally never worked with clients with VSA, but I feel that motivational interviewing would also benefit Samson’s brothers and their community in helping them overcome the problems of VSA. Giddens-Tracey (2005) explains that motivational interviewing is non –judgmental and avoids confrontation, it helps to raise awareness of the problems, risks and consequences as a result of certain behaviours, and it is also helpful in the context of treatment planning. MacLean and d’Abbs (2002) also believe that the introduction of Youth focused programs and the accessibility of basic food, shelter and education would reduce petrol sniffing, which would greatly benefit Samson if these projects were to be put in place. Cairney and Dingwall (2010) also suggest that by replacing the volatile petrol with a non-volatile fuel derivative there will be a reduction in the supply of petrol to inhale. Treatment Process I believe that the first step that would need to be taken in the process of treating Samson is to have a doctor or health practitioner examine him for any signs of medical complications. The Australian Government Department of Health and Aging Publications (2004) suggest that when dealing with chronic VSA, it is important for â€Å"mental state, organ and neurological examination, chest x-rays, blood tests and any additional tests that may be required to assess the presence of metabolic disturbances and morbidity to other organs such as the kidneys†(p. 142). SVA has been a serious problem in many remote Aboriginal communities and there are many programs that have been put in place to help these Indigenous youth. The volatile substance abuse program (The Australian Indigenous Health Info Net, 2013) runs for 8 weeks offering residence to individuals participating in their programs. They also travel to remote communities to work with Indigenous youth who are having problems with petrol sniffing. Although these services would be great for youth in bigger communities with elder support, I feel that Samson would be more beneficial in attending compulsory treatment (â€Å"Youth workers back petrol sniffing laws†, 2009) due to his lack of family and elder support as well as his young age. By contrast If Samson did have the support of his brothers I feel that he would benefit from Cultural programs that would give him a sense of identity that teach him the ways of his ancestors by restoring the links to his traditional culture(MacLean d’Abbs). Ethical Issues The first and foremost issue that would affect a counsellor working with Samson is their ability to be aware and respectful of any cultural differences or traditions. Westerman (2004) ,Vicary and Andrews (2001) McLennan and Khavarpour( 2004) propose that due to non-indigenous health care workers being aware of cultural traditions and practices, many Indigenous Australians are wary of engaging in mental health services( as cited in Fan,2007). There is also the issue of gender roles in Indigenous culture, Fan(2007) also explains that it is common practice in health care to work with your same gender, so it may not be respectful for a female counsellor to work with Samson as he may feel shame, which may have a detrimental effect on his treatment and recovery process. As a counsellor there is also the ethical responsibility of working with a minor, as Samson is only 14 years old. The Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia [PACFA] (2011) states that â€Å"Working with young people requires specific training, ethical awareness and competence. The practitioner is required to consider and assess the balance between young people’s dependence on adults and carers and their progressive development towards acting independently† (p. 14). Therefore I feel that it would be advisable to refer Samson on to a culturally appropriate service that would be more equipped to help his needs. Conclusion In concluding this case study on a young 14 year old Indigenous Australian who is dependent on sniffing petrol we can see that Samson has built up a tolerance to the petrol and seems to need increased amounts of this substance in order to attain the desired level of intoxication. Petrol sniffing is a form of volatile solvent abuse [VSA] that is more common in disadvantaged or isolated communities which reflects the history of cultural oppression, poor health, unemployment, recreational opportunity and geographical isolation of remote Indigenous Australians. VSA can also cause the individual to have violent outbursts towards other individuals as well as showing signs of slurred speech, confusion and stupor which can lead to seizures, brain injury and death. The first step that would need to be taken in the process of treating Samson is to have a doctor or health practitioner examine him for any signs of medical complications. Cultural programs that would give Samson a sense of Cultural identity would benefit him greatly if he had support from his family but I feel that Samson would be more beneficial in attending a compulsory culturally appropriate service treatment due to the ethical issues surrounding his age.